Understand the Process of Targeted Drug Therapy
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in American women. Ovarian cancer involves uncontrolled cell division in the ovaries. While any woman can be diagnosed with ovarian cancer, it most commonly affects women over the age of 63 and is more prevalent in Caucasian women. There are various treatments available for ovarian cancer including: chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. For this article, we are going to focus on targeted drug therapy for ovarian cancer.
What is Targeted Therapy?
Targeted therapy is a form of cancer treatment that involves using powerful drugs to stop the spread of cancer by identifying and blocking the genetic mutation responsible for the uncontrolled cell division. These drugs are designed to minimize some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy by sparing some of the fast-growing healthy cells.
There are currently three types of targeted therapy available for ovarian cancer:
- Bevacizumab
- PARP inhibitors
- Drugs that attack cancer cells with NTRK gene mutation
Bevacizumab
Cancer cells create new blood vessels with the help of a protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Using blood from the new blood vessels, these abnormal cells stay nourished and multiply. The process of creating new blood vessels by cancer cells is called angiogenesis.
Bevacizumab attacks VEGF protein, slowing or stopping cancer from creating new blood vessels, thereby stopping the cancer cells from multiplying. This treatment method is known as an anti-angiogenesis treatment. Bevacizumab has been proven to be quite effective in treating advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. It’s often used in combination with chemotherapy to achieve the desired results, as opposed to a standalone treatment method. Typically, the drug is directly administered into the vein every two to three weeks.
Common side effects of Bevacizumab include:
- High blood pressure
- Bleeding
- Low white blood cells
- Headaches
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
Other severe, but rare side effects, of Bevacizumab include:
- Blood clots
- Perforations in the colon
- Fistula
PARP Inhibitors
PARP protein helps repair damaged cancer cells; cancer cells can be weakened by inhibiting the function of this protein. PARP inhibitors have proven to be quite effective in treating ovarian cancer.
All of us are born with tumor suppressor genes known as BRCA genes. Mutations in these genes increase the risk of ovarian cancer in women. PARP inhibitor drugs stop cells with abnormal BRCA genes to repair and spread, eventually killing the cancer cells.
Before prescribing these drugs, physicians test saliva, blood, and tumors to identify if a BRCA mutation exists.
PARP inhibitors medications include:
- Olaparib (Lynparza)
- Rucaparib (Rubraca)
- Niraparib (Zejula)
Olaparib (Lynparza) and rucaparib (Rubraca) are prescribed to treat advanced ovarian cancer and are often used in combination with chemotherapy. These drugs can be administered to patients even if they do not have a BRCA mutation.
Cryoablation for cancer is an alternative treatment method that freezes the affected area. From the process to side effects, here's all you need to know.
Niraparib can also be used to treat advanced ovarian cancer in patients with or without BRCA mutation. Women who have platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer who have responded to a round of chemotherapy may benefit from this drug.
These PARP inhibitors can help to shrink the tumor in some advanced ovarian cancers. However, studies suggest that these do not prolong the life of the patient.
All PARP inhibitor medications are taken orally as pills or capsules.
Common side effects of PARP inhibitors include:
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Anemia
- Loss of appetite
- Change in taste
- Muscle and joint pain
- Stomach pain
On very rare occasions, patients being treated with these drugs can develop blood cancer.
Drugs That Target Abnormal NTRK Genes
Ovarian cancer can also be caused by a mutation in one of the NTRK genes. Larotrectinib (Vitrakvi) and entrectinib (Rozlytrek) are drugs that are taken orally to stop the proteins created by cells with abnormal NTRK genes. These are prescribed to patients who have advanced ovarian cancer with a tumor containing mutated NTRK genes.
Side effects of drugs that target abnormal NRTK genes include:
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Weight gain
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
On rare occasions, patients may develop liver and heart issues.
Pros and Cons of Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy has proven to be quite effective in treating advanced ovarian cancer.
Unlike chemotherapy, it protects the surrounding fast-growing healthy cells, minimizing the side effects of treatment. However, targeted therapy has its downside as well. It does not apply to all kinds of cancer.
Additionally, cancer cells can become resistant to these drugs over time through mutation. Further, targeted therapy does not work if the tumor does not have a target protein to attack, and even if it finds the target, there is no guarantee that the tumor will shrink. Lastly, there is always the chance of the tumor coming back after therapy.
Similar to other forms of cancer treatment, targeted therapy should only be applied when the potential benefits outweigh the risks involved.
In Conclusion
Targeted therapy has added a new dimension to cancer treatment, often providing good outcomes when applied in the right situation. However, it can only treat a few types of cancers. Cancer patients often still require chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and/or immunotherapy.
